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 THE CONSTITUTION OF THE COMMONWEALTH OF WORLD CITIZENS (MONDCIVITAN REPUBLIC) PREAMBLE Believing that in due time the peoples of the world shall be united for their common good and well-being, and that there shall be peace throughout the Earth: We men and women of different lands, races and nationalities, see clearly that it is now required of some part of mankind to give social and political expression to such unity, as an example and incentive to our fellows, and as a means of promoting a true and universal comradeship. Accordingly, we have joined together to create from ourselves and from all who shall be likeminded with us a new and independent people, whose prior allegiance and service is given to humanity, and whose character is representative of citizenship of the world. We are embarked upon this course for compelling reasons. We are moved first of all by compassion for our fellows, whose peace of mind has been taken away by the perils, conflicts and uncertainties, of a period of unprecedented change in the conditions of life on this planet. We are conscious of the grave, but not insuperable, problems of adjustment to the requirements of living under a democratic world order. We see how new resources, means of transport and communication, of great benefit to mankind, have been converted through fear and suspicion into terrible instruments of hostility and mass-destruction. We see the temporary submergence of a sense of the real worth of every individual and the value of human life in a futile and self-defeating struggle both for sectional mastery and personal advantage. But we see also in many connexions and institutions, national and international, an expression of the highest aspirations, much nobility and concern for human needs and sufferings, and desire for peace, understanding, and mutual concord. Confident that men will not endure subservience to any conditions, authorities, or systems, which impose upon them unnatural actions and restrictions of fellowship, and will always quest for a right application of knowledge to collective and civilized existence, we take courage to attempt, however fallibly and imperfectly, to establish at the level of government within the world of nations an Agency universal in its scope, impartial and just in its relations, defenceless in terms of armed force, designed exclusively for the well-being of all peoples without distinction. We therefore, commending our enterprise to the goodwill of all persons and authorities, do now adopt this our Constitution, and proclaim in being as from this day and date the Commonwealth of World Citizens. On behalf of the Constituent Assembly held at The Temple of Peace, Cardiff 28th day of August 1956 Signed I. Principles -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens acknowledges none as enemies, no matter what they may do; for to admit the existence of an enemy is to create a barrier, darkening understanding, breeding hatred, and giving encouragement and license to cruelty and inhumanity. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens recognizes none as foreigners, or of a lower dignity, since all belong to the same human race. There shall be identical treatment of those outside the Commonwealth as of those within it, treatment that is founded on reverence for the human personality. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall ever promote and actively assist measures for the welfare and equitable unification of mankind, and shall at all times respond to the extent of its ability to calls for aid in emergency or catastrophe. -
Neither the Commonwealth, nor any of its citizens, shall under any circumstances engage in war or in preparation for war, or in aggression, oppression, or wilful misrepresentation. The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall ever hold itself free from all alliances, agreements and contractual obligations, whether open or secret, which can have the effect of favouring any group, party, section, or State, or any interests whatever, to the hurt or detriment of any others. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall study to be impartial and humane in all its relations and judgments, and shall labour in the cause of mediation and reconciliation. -
The character of the Commonwealth is democratic and co-operative, based on mutual service and respect, holding all men in honour in public and private. -
In its government and internal economy the Commonwealth of World Citizens shall continually seek to cultivate and display those standards of conduct which are equitable and just. II. General Provisions -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens is the sum total of persons holding its citizenship at any given time, without regard for colour or ethnic origin. In its political expression it is a free and self-governing people and world community. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens denies to itself the possession of a national homeland: the Earth is its homeland. -
The citizens of the Commonwealth shall not be concentrated in one zone, country, or region, but as far as possible shall be distributed throughout the world, living in close association with the peoples of all lands. -
The government of the Commonwealth shall be conducted from a series of administrative centres in various parts of the globe, by conferment upon the Commonwealth of concessionary or extra-territorial rights, or by virtue of any deed of gift or act of hospitality by any State in accordance with any precedents and international usages, or otherwise by consent of the territorial Powers concerned. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall not possess armaments or armed forces, or engage in the manufacture of weapons of war or any instruments of mass destruction, or hold or harbour such instruments manufactured by others. The Commonwealth shall rely wholly for the security of its citizens and property on the goodwill of nations and respect for its principles and character. -
In all international disputes or conflicts the Commonwealth of World Citizens shall maintain a strict impartiality. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall not associate itself with or give direct or indirect support to the political parties of any State. Neither shall it promote or foster disaffection, revolution, or any subversive activities whatsoever. The Commonwealth regards itself, however, as in duty bound, without prejudice and in no antagonistic spirit, to direct the attention of governments and authorities to any violations of the fundamental human rights, or to conduct prejudicial to world order and good relations, or calculated to endanger peace, acting in such matters in the name of and on behalf of humanity. -
Subject to the self-imposed limitations set forth in this Constitution the Commonwealth of World Citizens shall be entitled, within the sphere of its jurisdiction, to exercise those rights commonly enjoyed by self-governing peoples. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall be entitled to assume temporary sovereignty over any area or category of persons for humanitarian purposes by consent of the Powers and persons concerned. -
On any lands over which the Commonwealth of World Citizens exercises sovereign jurisdiction it shall have the right to grant temporary or prolonged asylum to persons who apply for it on grounds that they are in physical danger as a result of attempted genocide. The continuance of asylum for a prolonged period shall depend upon the result of impartial investigation, and shall be subject to periodic review. Permanent domicile on lands of the Commonwealth shall not be granted to any persons, other than citizens of the Commonwealth, or for purposes solely of gain or profit. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall not amass wealth for its own sake. All funds and revenues received in excess of the reasonable requirements of administration shall be treated as trust funds and applied for the benefit of humanity. The Commonwealth shall not charge or receive interest on any loans made for humanitarian objects. -
Since all are free to accept obligations towards the world community, the Commonwealth of World Citizens recognizes the right of others besides its own citizens to call themselves or to be called World Citizens. But such persons shall not be deemed to be subject to its jurisdiction or bound by the provisions of this Constitution. This applies equally to any World Citizenship organizations and to towns, villages, and areas of administration, not part of the Commonwealth, which by charter or otherwise have entered into a commitment of 'mundialization'. The possession of any document purporting to be a World Citizen passport or identity card acquired by any form of registration does not in itself entitle the holder to regard himself or to be regarded as a citizen of the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall not be held responsible for the conduct and actions of persons who have not acquired its citizenship and are not validly in possession of its papers of identification. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall recognize as binding upon it all rules of international law which are consistent with its Principles. -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall continually remind itself of the objects for which it was constituted, and shall place the fulfilment of those objects before every other consideration. Nothing in this Constitution shall be regarded as of permanent force and validity if it should be found to impede or restrain the application of the Principles of the Commonwealth, and steps shall be taken as provided to effect whatever changes may be necessary. III. Establishment of the Commonwealth -
The Constitution shall require for its adoption acceptance by two-thirds of the citizens present and voting at a Constituent Assembly convened by the Provisional Secretariat, and to be held not less than four calendar months from the date of giving written notice and circulation of the text. -
Upon adoption of the Constitution the Assembly shall proclaim the Commonwealth of World Citizens in being de facto, and proceed to the election of an Executive Council as the Acting Administration. They shall also elect a President and Secretary of the Council and fix the remuneration of the officers and members. -
The Assembly shall determine the powers and duties of the Acting Administration. These shall in any case include: -
The setting up of a Commission on Procedure. -
The demarcation of the areas of the Regions as provided under Section IV of the Constitution. -
The taking of all steps necessary for the holding of the first Regional and General Elections. -
All persons holding the citizenship of the Commonwealth prior to Constitution shall be required to signify in writing within six months of the date of proclamation of the Commonwealth that they desire to remain citizens under the Constitution. Those who confirm their citizenship, together with all others who may apply for and be granted citizenship within six months of the said date, shall alone qualify as voters in the first Regional and General Elections. -
The first elections under the Constitution shall be held not later than one year from the date of the proclamation of the Commonwealth, and the duly elected Central and Regional Administrations shall take over from the Acting Administration at the termination of the first General Assembly convened under the Constitution. IV. Divisions of Administration -
The Commonwealth of World Citizens shall have central and regional organs of administration as may be required. -
The Central Administration shall be conducted from various centres throughout the world as may be most convenient and efficient. The Regional Administration shall be conducted regionally as provided hereunder. -
For the purposes of Regional Administration the world shall be divided into Regions. -
The number of Regions may be increased or decreased by recommendation of the Executive Council of the Commonwealth, and upon adoption of the recommendation by two-thirds of the General Assembly. -
The Units of citizens of the Commonwealth within the Regions shall be Communities as provided in Section VI. V. Citizenship -
The citizenship of the Commonwealth is a world citizenship, implying that the possessor of such citizenship has accepted obligations towards humanity as a whole and towards every section of it without distinction or discrimination. -
The obligations of citizens of the Commonwealth shall be those contained in the Principles and General Provisions of this Constitution. -
Every citizen shall respect the laws and customs of the country in which he is domiciled, but shall not be held to be amenable to any national laws and sections of the civil and criminal code which in the view of the Supreme Council of the Commonwealth constitute a violation of the fundamental human rights and Principles of the Commonwealth as defined in Articles 1-7. -
Any citizen who may be victimized, or suffer arrest, imprisonment, or restraint of his liberty, or injury to his person or goods, when his conduct has been fully consistent with his obligations, shall be entitled to all the assistance which the government of the Commonwealth and its agents can extend to him. -
Citizenship of the Commonwealth shall be open to any individual who has reached the age of eighteen who is acceptable under the naturalization laws of the Commonwealth. Such laws shall impose no restriction on grounds of colour or origin. -
It shall be permissible for citizens of the Commonwealth additionally to hold any national citizen ship, provided that the obligations of such citizenship do not violate the Principles of the Commonwealth as defined in this Constitution (Articles 1-7). -
No citizen may arbitrarily be deprived of his citizenship, but citizenship may be suspended or withdrawn for continued and flagrant violation of the laws and Principles of the Commonwealth. Any citizen whose citizenship has been suspended or withdrawn shall have the right at the public cost of appeal to the Supreme Council whose decision shall be final. -
No person who has temporarily been suspended from the exercise of his citizenship rights, or has forfeited his citizenship, shall suffer any humiliating treatment or lack of respect for his human rights at the hands of any citizen or agency of the Commonwealth. -
Former citizens of the Commonwealth shall have the right to re-apply for citizenship in the same way and on the same conditions as any non-citizen. VI. Regional Administration COMMUNITIES -
Citizens of the Commonwealth shall be organized in Communities. The term Community shall be understood to mean the aggregate of citizens domiciled in an area, without regard to the extent of the area. -
Whenever a Community exceeds 500 members it shall be subdivided into two or more Communities as may be determined by the members. In any sub division consideration shall be paid to the preservation of family unity, association of labour, and geographical convenience. Should any disagreement arise as to the attachment of any citizen to any particular Community the decision of the Regional Officers shall be final. -
A citizen travelling and away from his Community for a period not exceeding one year shall remain on the register of the Community. -
A citizen temporarily resident in the area of another Community for a period exceeding three months shall be required to attach himself to the Community in the area of such residence, and take part in the activities of the Community. He shall not, however, exercise voting rights in that Community, or be deemed to have increased its membership. -
The function of the Communities shall be to devise and carry out forms of service for the benefit of the areas in which they are located and for the welfare of their inhabitants, and to promote fellowship and mutual helpfulness between the members. -
Communities shall hold meetings of members not less frequently than eight times a year, and shall be encouraged to associate in service and fellowship with neighbouring Communities. -
Each Community shall elect annually the following officers: a Commissioner, a Recorder, and a Treasurer. -
The Commissioner shall be the spokesman of the Community and its representative in local relations and shall preside at meetings of the Community. He shall preserve strict impartiality and act as mediator in any disagreement between members, and shall continually encourage the Community to persevere in well-doing. -
The Recorder shall keep the register of members, record the transactions and service activities of the Community, and send out official notices and communications. He shall forward periodically to the Regional Recorder details of service performed by the Community, and shall transmit new applications for citizenship to the appropriate office of the Region. -
The Treasurer shall hold and keep account of the funds of the Community, collect such dues as may from year to year be determined by vote of the Regional Chamber of Deputies, and transmit to the Regional Treasurer such part as may be allocated by the Chamber to the Regional Administration. He shall also make disbursements for any purpose as voted by the Community. -
Each Community shall also elect every five years one Deputy to the Regional Chamber of Deputies. THE LEGISLATURE -
The legislative power for Regions of the Commonwealth shall be vested in the Chambers of Deputies. -
All citizens of the Commonwealth who have reached the age of eighteen and are not subject to any legal disability or incapacity under the electoral law shall be entitled to vote in the elections to the Chambers. -
All citizens of the Commonwealth who have reached the age of twenty-five and are not subject to any legal disability or incapacity under the electoral law shall be eligible to the Chambers. -
The Chamber of Deputies of each Region shall be elected by equal suffrage and by secret ballot by Communities of the Region. The electoral register shall be revised once in three years. Vacancies caused by the death, resignation, or disqualification of any Deputy shall be filled in accordance with the provisions of the electoral law. -
Elections shall be held within two months from the expiration of the term of the dissolution of the preceding Chamber. They shall be held at the same time throughout the Regions. -
Each Chamber shall meet within one month of its election. It shall hold two sessions every year, in the Spring and Autumn respectively. The sessions shall be convened by the Regional Recorder on the day fixed by the Chamber on its adjournment. By instructions of the Executive Council of the Commonwealth an extraordinary session may be called. -
Each Chamber shall be elected for a period of five years, but in case of emergency by consent of the Executive Council of the Commonwealth this term may be extended, but for no more than one additional term. In the event of extension of term it shall apply to the Chambers of Deputies in all Regions. -
Deputies shall receive a remuneration to be fixed by the Chamber. -
Official reports of proceedings in the Chambers and their Committees, as well as true reports of such proceedings wherever published, shall be privileged. -
Each Chamber shall adopt Standing Orders for regulating its procedure. The proceedings of the Chamber shall be held in public. Upon a motion supported by two-thirds of the Deputies present, the public may be excluded. -
Save as otherwise prescribed in this Constitution, or in the Standing Orders, decisions shall be by a majority of those present. -
The legislative powers of the Chamber shall be limited to internal affairs of the Region and to measures for the service of the inhabitants of the Region and of any part thereof. Except as prescribed in this Constitution the initiative in introducing legislation shall rest with Deputies, but all legislative proposals shall be referred to a Select Committee of the Chamber. They shall be introduced by the proposing Deputy if recommended by a majority of the Select Committee. -
All revenues of the Region, except as voted by the Chamber to be retained by Communities, shall form one Consolidated Revenue Fund, and shall be appropriated by the Chamber of Deputies for the purposes of the Region in the manner and subject to the charges and liabilities imposed by this Constitution. -
The Chamber shall consider the estimates of income and expenditure for the current financial year submitted to it by the Regional Treasurer, and shall enact the Finance Act prior to the end of the financial year. -
After a Bill has been passed by the Chamber it shall come into force in the Region concerned by signature of the Regional Commissioner and by publication in the Official Gazette of the Commonwealth. One copy of the Bill for registration shall be deposited with the Regional Recorder and one copy shall be lodged at the office of the Recorder-General -
Each Chamber shall elect at the commencement of every new term a Regional Commissioner and Deputy Regional Commissioner, and shall fix their remuneration. Any member of the Chamber who has reached the age of thirty shall be eligible for these offices. -
The Regional Commissioner on the advice of the Select Committee of the Chamber shall appoint the Regional Recorder and Regional Treasurer. These officers shall be eligible for reappointment for any succeeding term, and their remuneration shall be fixed by the Chamber. -
The functions of the Regional Commissioner shall be to preside over the meetings of the Chamber of Deputies, and to act as the spokesman of the Region on the Executive Council of the Commonwealth. He shall also announce to the Chamber of Deputies the policies and transactions of the Commonwealth in external affairs proceeding from the Executive Council. -
The Chamber of Deputies shall have the right to debate and to pass resolutions on external affairs and make its views known to the Executive Council of the Commonwealth. The Chamber shall be entitled to ask for and obtain from the Council specific answers to any questions of policy. In the event that any act or policy in external affairs as determined by the Council is deemed by the Chamber to be contrary to the Principles of the Commonwealth, the Chamber shall have the right of direct appeal to the Supreme Council of the Commonwealth, whose ruling shall be final. -
The functions of the Regional Recorder shall be Clerk to the Chamber of Deputies, and to convene its sessions. He shall keep a record of the service activities of the Communities in the Region and of all transactions of the Chamber, and communicate as may be required with the Recorder-General of the Commonwealth. -
The functions of the Regional Treasurer shall be to supervise the finances of the Region, to present budgets and estimates to the Chamber of Deputies, to collect the revenues of the Region as decided by the Chamber, and to make all Regional disbursements. THE EXECUTIVE -
The executive power in the internal affairs of each Region shall be vested in the Regional Commissioner. -
The Regional Commissioner shall promulgate the laws enacted by the Chamber of Deputies within one month from the date of such enactment. If the law was enacted as an urgent measure it shall be promulgated within seven days. VII. Central Administration -
The executive power of the Commonwealth shall be vested in the Commissioner-General and his Ministers, together with the Regional Commissioners. -
The Commissioner-General shall be elected by the General Assembly. Any citizen of the Commonwealth, who is eligible for the office of Regional Commissioner, shall be eligible for the office of Commissioner-General. -
The term of office of the Commissioner-General shall be for five years. He may be re-elected on the expiry of his term, or for any subsequent term, but only for one additional term of office. -
The Commissioner-General shall take office at the same time as the Supreme Council. If the office becomes vacant as a result of the death, resignation, or permanent incapacity of the holder, a successor shall be appointed by the President of the Supreme Council for the remainder of the term. -
The Commissioner-General upon entering his office shall make the following declaration in the presence of the General Assembly: 'I solemnly promise that I will maintain the Constitution and laws of the Commonwealth of World Citizens, that I will dedicate myself to the service and welfare of mankind, and that I will act justly and impartially.' -
Every official act of the Commissioner-General shall be countersigned by two of the Regional Commissioners. -
The Commissioner-General shall, on the advice of the Regional Commissioners, appoint for a term of five years the Recorder-General and the Treasurer-General Their powers and remuneration shall be fixed by the General Assembly. All officers so appointed have their appointments renewed by succeeding Commissioners-General subject to a retiring age of seventy unless objection to renewal is expressed by the General Assembly. -
All diplomatic appointments shall be made by the Commissioner-General on the advice of the Region al Commissioners and of the Minister for External Affairs. The President of the Supreme Council shall receive Ambassadors accredited to the Commonwealth of World Citizens: other diplomatic envoys shall be received by the Minister for External Affairs. THE EXECUTIVE COUNCIL -
The Executive Council shall consist of the Commissioner-General and his Ministers, together with the Regional Commissioners. -
The Commissioner-General shall preside over meetings of the Executive Council, and shall be responsible for the co-ordination of its activities. He shall keep the Supreme Council informed on all major questions of domestic and external policy, and shall have the right of access at all times to the President of the Supreme Council. -
Ministers shall be directly responsible to the Commissioner-General. -
The Executive Council shall be collectively responsible to the Supreme Council. -
The Commissioner-General and his Ministers shall be directly responsible to the General Assembly. They shall be bound to resign should they fail to retain the confidence of the Assembly by reason of an adverse vote on a major issue of policy. -
In the event of such resignation the President of the Supreme Council shall appoint a new Commissioner-General from among the deputies to the General Assembly for the unexpired period of the term of this office. -
No member of the Executive Council nor any Minister may be a member of the Board of Directors of any Joint Stock or Limited Liability Company carrying on business for profit. -
The organization of the Administrative Departments, the designation of Ministers and their remuneration shall be regulated by law. -
The organization of and admission to the Civil Service shall be regulated by law. After the enactment of the Constitution, all appointments to the Civil Service shall be by examination to be conducted by a Civil Service Commission. In exceptional cases the Civil Service Commission may authorize the appointment of senior officers without examination, -
There shall be a Recorder-General to act on behalf of the Commonwealth as Keeper of the Archives and all official acts and documents and as Clerk to the Executive Council. He shall be responsible for the publication of the Official Gazette and for convening the General Assembly, and shall perform such other duties as are determined by the Executive Council. He shall not be a member of any Chamber of Deputies nor hold any other office or position of emolument. -
There shall be a Treasurer-General to control Commonwealth all payments and to on behalf of the Commonwealth all accounts of monies by or under the authority of the Executive Council. He shall not be a member of any Chamber of Deputies nor hold any other office or position of emolument. THE GENERAL ASSEMBLY -
A General Assembly of the Commonwealth shall be called annually to consider any matters of concern to the Commonwealth tabled for discussion by the Executive Council or by any of the Regional Chambers of Deputies, to hear financial and service reports from the Recorder-General and Treasurer-General and to pass programmes and estimates, to legislate in matters of Commonwealth Administration. -
The General Assembly shall consist of ten Deputies elected by each Regional Chamber of Deputies throughout the Commonwealth. The Assembly shall be formally opened by the President of the Supreme Council and shall meet under the presidency of the Commissioner-General. -
Deputies to the General Assembly shall receive a remuneration to be fixed by law and paid by the Treasurer-General. -
Decisions taken in the General Assembly shall be by a two-thirds majority of Deputies present and voting, and shall be binding on all Regions. -
The General Assembly shall make provision for the consultation of all citizens of the Commonwealth by means of a Referendum on any matter of paramount importance to the Commonwealth as a whole. The terms and conditions for the taking of such a Referendum shall be fixed by law, and shall form an Annexe to this Constitution. -
Every five years the Assembly shall elect the members of the Supreme Council and the Commissioner-General of the Commonwealth. -
Nominations for the office of Commissioner- General shall be presented by a nominations Committee appointed by the Assembly. The election of the Commissioner-General shall be by secret ballot. -
An extraordinary session of the General Assembly shall be convened in case of grave emergency on the advice of the Executive Council, and shall have power to pass emergency measures and regulations. VIII. The Judicial Power -
The judicial power shall be vested in and exercised by the Supreme Council of the Commonwealth and by the Regional Courts of Law. -
The Supreme Council shall consist of five citizens of wisdom, integrity, sympathy and humanity. Any citizen who has reached the age of forty shall be eligible to the Supreme Council. -
Members of the Supreme Council shall be elected by secret ballot by the method of the single transferable vote by the General Assembly sitting as an Electoral College. The meetings of the Electoral College shall be private and its members pledged to secrecy. -
The list of nominations for the Supreme Council to be placed before the Electoral College shall be compiled by the Recorder-General and published in the Official Gazette two months before the Electoral College meets. The nominations shall be made by the Regional Chambers of Deputies, each Chamber being entitled to make one nomination, but it shall not be obligatory upon any Chamber to make a nomination if it has no candidate to propose. All Chambers shall take into account the qualities required in the nominee, and full particulars of the grounds for recommendation must accompany the nomination, which must be forwarded by each Regional Recorder to the Recorder-General not later than four months before the date of the General Assembly at which the election is to take place. -
Once the nomination list has been published in the Official Gazette canvassing by or on behalf of any nominee is prohibited, and any evidence of canvassing shall disqualify the nomination. -
The term of office of the Supreme Council shall be for five years, and the first Supreme Council shall take office at the first General Assembly following enactment of the Constitution by a special election held by the Deputies elected by that time. -
Presidency of the Supreme Council shall be held by each member in turn for one year in the order of the result of the ballot. -
Membership of the Supreme Council is the highest dignity in the Commonwealth, and the pre-siding member is the chief among equals. In all inter-national relations and in all the affairs of the Commonwealth the Supreme Council shall hold a watching-brief on behalf of humanity. Its members shall advise and guide as the servants of mankind. No member of the Supreme Council shall hold any other office during his term of service, nor serve in any capacity whatsoever in any commercial undertaking. The remuneration of members of the Supreme Council shall be fixed by law. -
The Supreme Council shall constitute the highest tribunal and court of appeal in the Commonwealth. The Council shall act as required in a mediatorial capacity both in the affairs of the Commonwealth and in international affairs, and shall appoint mediation and arbitration officers and personnel. THE COURTS -
Regional Courts shall be established whose functions shall be restricted to civil causes between citizens of the Commonwealth, and to charges of conduct by citizens in flagrant violation of the Principles of the Commonwealth. -
The organization and jurisdiction of the courts, the appointment, remuneration, pensions and age of retirement of the judges, and all matters of procedure shall be regulated by law. -
No judge of the Civil Courts shall be removed from office except for proved misbehaviour or incapacity upon a resolution supported by two-thirds of the of the members of the Chamber of Deputies in the region for which the judge has been appointed. The removal shall be effected by an order of the Supreme Council. IX. Amendment of the Constitution -
The General Assembly of the Commonwealth shall have power to amend the Constitution, but every such amendment shall require the assent of two-thirds of the total membership of the Assembly, and the text of such amendment must have been circulated to each Chamber of Deputies not less than six months before the Assembly meets and must have received the approval in principle of the Supreme Council. X. Constitution and Legislation -
No law shall be enacted which is in any respect repugnant to any of the provisions of this Constitution. If the Supreme Council pronounces any law or any provision thereof to be repugnant to the Constitution, such law or provision shall, to the extent of such repugnancy, be henceforth absolutely void and inoperative. In the interests of a democratic approach, we would invite your comments on the above constitution which is under discussion for revision at this time:
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